Industrial Applications of Micro Lasers

The combination of silicon materials and light emitting semiconductor materials is expected to help develop a new micro scale laser pointer, which is studied by Keh-Ting Ng Doris and colleagues at the Data Storage A*STAR Institute.

Silicon material completely changed the form of electrical equipment manufacturing. This semiconductor rich is easy to be processed into small components, such as transistors, and method which is used can be extended to the level of manufacturing industry, which makes the production of tens of thousands of components can be integrated on a single chip. Electronic engineers want to further expand the capabilities of these integrated circuits, so that they can create, process and detect light.
These optoelectronic devices can speed up the processing speed of digital information, and can realize the micro scale laser, for example, can be used in bar code scanner. The problem, however, is that the silicon material is not an effective light generator. Ng's team has designed and produced a combination of silicon and light emitting semiconductor green laser pointer, which are indium gallium arsenic compounds (InGaAsP). "Our results show that this method can achieve a high efficiency and compact active optoelectronic device for silicon substrate, that is, using a very thin III-V family of semiconductor silicon layers," Ng said.
One of the important considerations in any laser structure is the ability to capture light within the structure, namely, the ability to capture light in order to further drive the generation of light. In conventional lasers, this is achieved by placing a mirror on any side of the light producing area. Instead, Ng and the team used a cylindrical geometry device. This will capture some of the light that is generated on the wall of the device and force it to spread within the cylinder. This is called whispering gallery mode, because the same effect will occur in a circular room, such as the dome of the cathedral in the sound wave.
The team started using a silicon substrate, they deposited a thin layer of silicon oxide. Thin film with optically active InGaAsP, only 210 nm thick, is individually made, and then bonded to silicon oxide. Then, the team through a number of materials to create the cylinder, with two or three microns in diameter. Three micron devices emit a 30mw laser pointer light at a wavelength of 1519 nm, which is very close to the wavelength used in commercial optical communication systems.
This device has a unique feature that extends the whispering gallery mode to the silicon and InGaAsP regions. InGaAsP can provide light amplification, and silicon can be passive guide light. "The next step, we want to apply these ideas to the devices at room temperature," Ng said. "Operation at higher temperatures will require adjustments to the design and fabrication of the laser."
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Application of Ultrafast Fiber Lasers in Special Materials

The market for fiber lasers is further enhanced by new applications compared to the market share of conventional lasers. Researchers are also applying ultrafast fiber laser pointer technology to multi-user applications, such as the Stanford SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Stanford and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley. All in California. The development of synchrotrons and free electron lasers (FELs) has provided researchers with access to brighter, shorter X-ray sources. Over the years, the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Source (SSRL) provides X-ray pulses to study the molecular and crystalline structures of materials. Recently, a "low-alpha mode" of research and development, X-ray pulse can reach 1 ps.
At the same time, the linear accelerator coherent light source (LCLS) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) provides sub-100 femtosecond pulses with approximately 1012 X-ray photons at wavelengths as short as 0.15 nm. These ultrafast fast X-ray pulses, coupled with high spatial and temporal coherence, enable research in new scientific fields ranging from 3-D imaging and important biomolecular dynamics studies to characterization of instantaneous state studies of matter.

In synchrotrons and free electron high power laser pointer (FELs), energy is transferred by a beam of electrons in a changing magnetic field. The electron travel path is affected by the array of polarities that transform the polarity, bending back and forth, resulting in the release of energy in the form of light. In the case of synchrotrons, the laser is spatially discontinuous. Typical pulses are 100 fs, but free electron lasers (FELs) emit a strong spatially coherent beam of light with pulse widths as short as tens of femtoseconds. In order to operate at a stable X-ray wavelength, the electron beams must be tightened so that they are coherent with the emitted light (effectively achieving stimulated emission).
Because the free electron laser FEL has no cavity and is a single pass device, a very bright laser beam is required to achieve gain saturation. Sometimes this is achieved by using a conventional ultrafast laser source (such as Nd: YLF or Ti: sapphire) to excite the photocathode in the accelerated radio frequency region, acting as an electron injector. Locked by the ultra-fast laser to get the master clock synchronization signal. The master clock is controlling the linear accelerator.
In addition, a number of synchrotrons around the world, using traditional ultrafast light sources, time-resolved beamlines have been developed to implement pump detection-studies. However, for each of these structures, a major drawback is that traditional solid-state ultrafast amplifiers typically consume huge optical platforms and require routine maintenance to ensure optimum performance.
Aaron Lindenberg, a Stanford professor at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, used Calmar's Cazadero family of one-touch ultrafast fiber lasers to overcome this problem. Designed for use in OEM medical and microelectronics processing, the 2000mw laser pointer is compact, small, simple to set up, easy to install, and easy to adjust the beam. In addition, its high pulse energy (up to 20uJ <500fs) and high repetition frequency play the edge of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. A good time-resolved time-resolved study is achieved.
In Lindenberg's preliminary experiment, an ultra-fast fiber laser operating at 1.28 MHz has been successfully phase-locked to a 476-MHz RF signal from a synchronous accelerator (Figure 1) with timing jitter less than 1 ps and is used directly Measure the X-ray pulse width. Figure 2 shows the direct measurement of the synchronization pulse in pulse X-ray mode. In the experiment, the 1030nm output light of the 50mw laser pointer is locked into the barium borate crystal by 500nm visible light generated by autocorrelation. The detected mixing signal is 340nm. Record the shortest pulse width ~ 3ps.

The optical synchronization and X-ray pulses ensure a special pump detection experiment. A high-energy pulse pumped or excited by the output of a fiber laser system induces a physical or photochemical conversion. Such a change is then detected at the atomic level by the X-ray pulse of the synchrotron. This dynamic process can be used to generate x-ray images of changes in atomic mass structure by the arrival times of different pulse detectors. This approach is being used to obtain a better understanding of the excited state dynamics of nanosystems, and also to distinguish them from their corresponding bulk structures.
In a recent study, Lindenberg's team used the 5mw laser pointer light source in a nanocrystal silver selenide system to successfully capture X-ray structural changes that occur during ultrafast times. While these preliminary studies are very encouraging, in order to further improve the signal-to-noise level, improved detector and sample delivery systems are now being developed. Future research is expected to deepen into the development of unique catalysts and more efficient photovoltaic materials.
At Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Cazadero was also chosen to ensure the development of a light source called "next generation light source". In this case, the laser is again phase-locked, but is used to irradiate the cathode to produce an electron beam, which is accelerated to the high-energy RF cavity. This system has been developed as an electron injector for the next generation of light sources.
The next-generation light source is a free-electron laser that produces X-rays to the electron energy level of a thousand electrons and is the only work in the megahertz repetition rate. With the choice of cathode material, the laser will work in the basic wavelength of 1030nm, the second harmonic 515nm, or fourth harmonic 257.5nm. "Choosing a cathode burning laser pointer system is critical to the design of the machine used to support user equipment," said Howard Padmore, lead author of the Lawrence Berkeley Advanced Light Source Experimentation Group. "We can not tolerate any intervention on a daily basis, Cazadero is a provider Repeatable, stable operation, a simple on / off switch, and it provides all key specifications such as average power, repetition rate and pulse width for different types of cathodes and frequency locking.High-repetition-rate, high-brightness X-ray source for next-generation light sources, dynamic imaging, a wide variety of system configurations, and the development of new non-linear X-ray spectra.
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The First Photonic Neural Morphology Chip with Laser Power

The research team at Princeton University in the US has developed the world's first photonic neural morphology chip and demonstrated that it can be calculated at ultra-fast speeds, according to the MIT's Technical Review website. The chip is expected to open a new photon computing industry.
Princeton University Alexandre Tate team's new achievement is the use of photons to solve the neural network circuit speed limitation of this problem. Neural network circuit has been in the field of computing storm. Scientists hope to create more powerful neural network circuit, the key is to create a circuit that can work as neurons, or nerve morphology chip, but the main problem is to increase the speed of such circuits. Photon computation is the "star of tomorrow" in the field of computational science. Compared with electronics, photons have more bandwidth and can process more data quickly. However, photonics data processing systems have a high manufacturing cost and have not been widely adopted.

The core of the photon neural network, developed by the team, is an optical device in which each node has neuron-like response characteristics. These nodes are in the form of miniature circular waveguides etched into a silicon substrate in which light can circulate. When light is input, the output of the 100mw laser pointeroperating at the threshold is then adjusted, in which small changes in incident light can have a significant effect on the output of the laser.
The principle of this optical device is that each node in the system uses a certain wavelength of light, a technique known as wavelength division multiplexing. The light from each node is fed into the laser, and the 2000mw laser pointer output is fed back to the node, creating a feedback circuit with non-linear characteristics. The extent to which this nonlinear behavior simulates neural behavior has been shown to be mathematically equivalent to a device known as the "continuous-time recurrent neural network (CTRNN)", which suggests that CTRNN's programming tools can be applied to more Large silicon photon neural networks.
The Tate team used a 49-node silicon photon neural network to model the mathematical problem of a differential equation and compare it to an ordinary central processing unit. The results show that the speed of the photon neural network is improved by three orders of magnitude in this task. The researchers said that this will open a new photon computing industry. "Silicon photonic neural networks are likely to be the 'vanguard of a larger, scalable silicon-based photonic system," Tate said.

Laser Radar to Explore Mars "Life"

NASA scientists looking for life on Mars, the biggest concern is that if one day found a trace of life, the results came back to see the pollution brought about by the Earth. Now with an upgraded version of the lidar LIDAR, both to solve the concerns of scientists, but also to explore more efficient.
This tool is called the Bio-Indicator Lidar Instrument (BILI). Branimir Blagojevic is now a technical expert at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, which originally served the company that pioneered the development of the device. At NASA, Blagojevic uses his experience and skills to turn this technology into a working prototype, proving that the instruments used to detect biological hazards in public places can also be used to detect organic matter on Mars. LIDAR works much like a radar, but it uses a 2000mw laser pointer to measure distances and determine the composition of airborne particles.

BILI is actually a fluorescent LIDAR, according to the fluorescence emission detection of chemical substances. NASA has already made extensive use of fluorescence-tagged sensors in climate studies, but they will soon apply them to planetary research. "If the space agency uses it, it will be the first," Blagojevic said. Because it can be a few hundred meters away from real-time detection of a small number of complex molecules, BILI can be NASA plans to launch in 2020, the next rover nose. This tool can be used to scan biomarkers in areas where the rover is difficult to reach, while avoiding sample contamination.
At present, Blagojevic expected BILI will be installed in the rover mast. First, the instrument will scan the dust on the Mars plume, once detected, it will execute the command, the dust shot two ultraviolet 500mw laser pointer, the manufacture of optical pulse. The light causes the dust plume to resonate or fluoresce. Then it only needs to analyze the signal, and with the database in the known marker for comparison can detect organic particles. This analysis also reveals the size of the particles.
"If there is a biomarker, it can be detected in the dust," Blagojevic said. "This provides an excellent supplemental life detection tool for use with more sensitive point-in -ductive mass spectrometers.BILI's detection uses only power and can quickly scan a wide area, which is a specialized sniffing of special particles Nose. "NASA plans to install BILI or its follow-up versions on spacecraft, which can significantly increase the likelihood of detecting biomarkers in the solar system. Blagojevic and his colleagues, the biggest challenge is to improve the existing burning laser pointer design. Their goal is to make BILI smaller and more resistant to action, more sensitive to more biological particles.
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New Laser Detector

In brain surgery, the physician's eye movement back and forth between the display and the patient can affect their concentration. Scientists at several universities and hospitals in the UK have collaborated to develop a burning laser pointer detector that converts brain-cell spectral signals into audio, allowing doctors to distinguish between cancer cells and health by "listening," according to the New Scientist's website. cell. New technologies can help doctors complete faster and safer brain surgery.

A new laser detector in the last research based on the improved form. Before the detector can also help doctors identify brain cancer cells in the region, but only through the display of visual presentation. The new detector can be converted into an audio signal of the signal, so the doctor can "hear" cancer cells in the brain, which will focus on surgical site eyes. Participated in the study at Clyde University, Matthew Beck said that the new technology can accurately guide the signal, let the doctor "all eyes focused on the operation".
The working principle of 20000mw laser pointer detector based on Raman spectroscopy, to the brain cells from laser, and the reflected spectrum analysis, form a cell like fingerprint spectrum. The shape of the spectrum map can tell whether the cell is cancerous or not. The research team of the installation of a new software for audio signal detector, an important feature of the software can capture spectrum signals, and these signals into sound.
Preliminary test results show that, using only the ear, doctors rely on the laser detector to identify the healthy cells and malignant cells of the accurate rate of up to 70%. Beck said that although the accuracy rate than the 90% to see the spectral signal to be low, but they have the confidence to continue to improve through improvement.
For cancer patients, cancer cells are not cleaned will relapse and metastasis and resection of left hidden trouble, healthy cells, nerve function and damage, causing serious side effects. Next, they will seek an early clinical trial of the 500mw laser pointer detector to help doctors try to remove cancerous brain cells clean, and will not remove healthy cells.
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Britain Intends to Develop a Real Function of Laser Weapons

British Minister of Defense Fallon announced that the United Kingdom a laser directed energy weapons demonstration project has entered the final stage of approval, the project mainly to verify the feasibility of new 20000mw laser pointer weapons, so that the future development of the actual ability of laser weapons. According to the British Ministry of Defense, the pilot project, "Laser Demonstration of Weapon Performance Demonstration Equipment", will cost 30 million pounds (about 260 million yuan) to be implemented by the European Missile Group UK branch. And delivered by 2019 and used to carry out the relevant tests. The European Branch of the European Missile Group will use this equipment to evaluate the laser directed energy weapons in different distances, topography and weather conditions such as the ability to obtain and track targets, and different conditions may have on the accuracy of targeting, handling security impact.

A 10000mw laser pointer weapon is a weapon that uses high-energy lasers to precisely fire long-range targets or defend against missile attacks. At present laser weapons are not suitable for all-weather combat, fog, snow, rain and other weather conditions will have a greater impact on its performance, the atmosphere itself will interfere with laser emission, including the atmosphere will absorb laser energy, atmospheric disturbance will cause energy attenuation. The world's major military powers are developing laser weapons, but most are still in the concept of demonstration stage. The UK's blue laser pointer weapons demonstration project, the United Kingdom recently announced a number of national defense frontier technology development projects, one of the funds mainly from the British Ministry of Defense to establish a new innovation fund.

Laser Radar Assisted Shenzhou Eleven

The successful launch of two astronauts into orbit, will drive the Shenzhou eleven spacecraft to Tiangong two space lab straight away. Space rendezvous and docking of Tiangong two and Shenzhou eleven spacecraft is to build a "key space" step. Two aircraft to maintain a high speed 8 times faster than the speed of the bullet is not bad together, great difficulty coefficient. In order to verify the construction of a space station, the Shenzhou eleven spacecraft and Tiangong two will be 393 km altitude orbit rendezvous and docking, than the previous 343 km high orbit 50 kilometers, the docking mode is more close to the aircraft docked to the space station mode. Therefore, the "three magic weapons" to ensure the success of the rendezvous and docking, 100mw laser help astronauts successfully enter the Shenzhou eleven spacecraft and Tiangong two combination, began life in space.
Microwave radar can be connected to the ship towing Temple
Rendezvous and docking radar Chinese Aerospace Science and industry 25 hospital developed, like the realization of the two spacecraft in space rendezvous and docking "eyes". As a key sensor implementation rendezvous and docking mission, it has successfully completed the Tiangong-1 and the "eight gods" and "God nine" "God ten" Rendezvous and docking mission, pulling the temple and Shenzhou in hundreds of kilometers away from the "acquaintance", from "encounter" to "". The application of rendezvous and docking microwave radar is smaller, more reliable, to achieve the measurement of communication integration requirements, is the rendezvous and docking microwave radar family of second generations of products. According to experts, the second generation 5mw green laser products continue to measure performance of the first generation of products, its measuring range up to the Beijing rings a complete circle, to the length of a table, in the case of large span, the degree of precision ranging it can reach a common foot, can reach higher accuracy that is equivalent to the human vision test, the angle between two adjacent rows. The error of velocity measurement is less than that of an ant. Moreover, compared to the first generation, second generation products have been "downsizing" and "speak" and "impact" of the three major improvements: volume and weight compared with the original reduced, power consumption is reduced to the original 2/3; to realize the measurement of communication integration function, the silence of the "eyes" can also speak. At the same time, it can deal with the impact of high-energy particles, and further improve the reliability of the product.
High accuracy measurement of the target information in the middle and close range of the laser radar
The Shenzhou eleven spacecraft to catch up with Tiangong two, must grasp the real-time trace of the temple. Therefore, the two body are respectively provided with laser radar and optical imaging sensor, as with "piercing eye", even if the space then black also not afraid to find each other. Temple No. two is equipped withlaser 10mw radar target Chinese Dianke development cooperation, the Shenzhou eleven spacecraft is equipped with a laser radar host and information processor, the basic process of detection, is composed of a laser radar system installed in the Shenzhou eleven spacecraft on a laser beam, laser beam to Tiangong two after the return signal. The laser radar system according to the received signal return analysis.
China Dianke lidar Project Deputy Chief Wu Dengxi said, as one of the laser radar RVD key measuring sensor, will be in the near distance of target distance, angle, rate of change information such as real-time and high precision measurement, support navigation control system complete control task. Tiangong two portable laser radar target is loaded with the cooperation of special glass prism, can light signals from multi direction and large range of reflected laser radar, laser radar measurement with distance and angle of flight parameter, ensure that the spacecraft for precise docking. In the future, there may be multiple directions in the space station, which requires the aircraft from one to the interface to the interface for docking, so in the follow-up mission to increase the spacecraft around the fly test. At this time, the laser 20mw radar can also play a major role in the docking process has always been without blinking, to guide the spacecraft to control and protect the safety distance with the outstanding objects to maintain adequate.
Optical imaging sensor can accurately capture the interface and complete the docking action. When the eleven spacecraft Shenzhou and Tiangong two, more and more close, from a distance of 150 meters to the final completion of the docking, this stage of the technical difficulties and risks are high. At this time, the Temple No. two, the Shenzhou eleven spacecraft is still maintained a rapid movement, in order to precision docking together, a pair of sharp and precise "butt eye" -- essential in the 30mw laser Shenzhou eleven spacecraft rendezvous and docking with the optical imaging sensor (CRDS), in close close final Tiangong two, by the relative position and attitude measurement, accurate capture of the Tiangong two interface, complete the rendezvous and docking.
Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology Group five technical staff Gong Dezhu said that this mission, "docking eye" new upgrade in the sun, the stray light suppression ability, target recognition sensitivity has increased dramatically. In space, the intensity of the sun's radiation is 3 to 5 times the earth, will affect the performance of the optical sensor, and even in the rendezvous and docking is very easy to flash bad. Rendezvous and docking in the past to select the appropriate timing of the light, grab the most appropriate hours of the day, the window period". The two temple and Shenzhou eleven spacecraft can realize quasi all-weather real-time docking, which will effectively support the spacecraft 50mw laser for emergency repair depot or emergency rescue astronauts in space. At the same time, the technical staff will be the first time the sensor capture time increased by an order of magnitude from the original about 10 seconds to a few hundred milliseconds. The response time of the sensor is greatly reduced from the sight of the target to the judgment. Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology Group Five sensor designer Liu Qihai said.